A mouth ulcer, also known as an aphthous ulcer or canker sore, is a small, painful lesion that appears on the mucous membranes inside the mouth, including the tongue, inner cheeks, gums, and the roof of the mouth. These ulcers are usually round or oval with a white or gray center and a red halo. They can cause significant discomfort, especially when eating, drinking, or speaking, and may range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. The exact cause of mouth ulcers is often unclear, but several factors can contribute to their development. Stress and hormonal changes are common triggers, as they can impact immune function and increase susceptibility to ulcers. Nutritional deficiencies, particularly of vitamins B12, folic acid, and iron, can also lead to the formation of ulcers. Other potential causes include trauma to the mouth, such as biting the inside of the cheek or irritation from dental appliances or sharp food. Certain medical conditions, such as Behçet's disease, inflammatory bowel diseases like Crohn's disease, and autoimmune disorders, can also result in recurrent mouth ulcers. Additionally, some medications and infections may play a role in ulcer development.
Treatment for mouth ulcers primarily focuses on relieving symptoms and promoting healing. Over-the-counter topical treatments, such as gels or ointments containing ingredients like benzocaine or hydrocortisone, can provide pain relief and reduce inflammation. Rinsing the mouth with saltwater or an antimicrobial mouthwash may help keep the area clean and reduce discomfort. Avoiding spicy, acidic, or abrasive foods can prevent further irritation. Ensuring adequate nutrition and managing stress are also important for prevention and overall oral health. In cases where mouth ulcers are persistent, unusually large, or accompanied by other symptoms, it is important to seek medical evaluation to rule out underlying conditions and receive appropriate treatment.
